Callbacks in JavaScript

What is a callback?

by Janeth Kent Date: 22-05-2023 javascript

Callback functions are the same old JavaScript functions. They have no special syntax, as they are simply functions that are passed as an argument to another function.

The function that receives the callback as an argument is called a higher-order function.

Any function can be used as a callback, since it is sufficient to pass it to another function as a parameter.

Callback functions are not asynchronous by nature, but they are often used for that purpose, for example when they are passed as arguments to the different events accepted by the browser APIs, allowing JavaScript to interact with the DOM of a page or with the system.

How to create a callback

To create a callback you simply declare a function, pass it to another function as a parameter and execute it inside that function. Below is an example of a callback.

 
// Our function
function HiWorld() {
console.log('Hi World!');
}
// Function that accepts another function as a parameter
function talK(callback) {
callback(); // This call is called a callback
}
// We pass one function to another
talK(HiWorld);
 

What we have done in the example is to define the HiWorld() function and the talK function, which accepts another function as an argument. We then executed the function talK to which we passed the function HiWorld() as a parameter.

On executing the above code we will obtain this output:

 
Hi World!
 

Asynchronism with callbacks

JavaScript is not an asynchronous language by nature. However, JavaScript callbacks are often used to create asynchronous code when used with the APIs of the JavaScript runtime environment, either a browser or the Node.js environment.

For example, you can pass a function as a callback to browser events, such as onClick , onMouseOver or onChange events.

You won't know when a user will click a button, but you can create a handler that handles the event when it happens. The handler accepts a function as a callback, which will be executed when the event is triggered:

 
document.getElementById('#btn').addEventListener('click', () => {    
console.log('The button has been clicked');  });



It is also very common to add code to the load event of the browser's window object, which will execute the callback function we define when the page has loaded and the DOM is ready:

 
window.addEventListener('load', () => {    
console.log('Page loaded'); 
});
 

We don't only use callbacks to handle browser DOM events, as another very common use of callback functions is in setTimeout events, which allow us to execute the function we pass as a parameter when the time we define in milliseconds elapses:

 
setTimeout(() => {    
console.log('It's been a second');  
}, 1000);
 

Over time, the simple HTML pages of the 1990s have evolved into dynamic applications that run in your browser. Applications often make requests to APIs located on different servers. The most common nowadays is that these requests are executed asynchronously, transparently to the user, as in the case of XHR requests, which accept a callback function as a parameter.

In the following example we assign a function to the onreadystatechange property of an XMLHttpRequest object . The function we assign will be executed as a callback when a response to the request is received:

 
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();    
xhr.onreadystatechange = () => {    
if (xhr.readyState === 4) {           
// We check if the request has been completed successfully.     
if (xhr.status === 200) {       
console.log(xhr.responseText);      
} else {        
// An error has occurred      
console.error('error');      
}    
}  
} 
// Iniciamos la petición
xhr.open('GET', 'https://api.tld/endpoint');  
xhr.send();
 

If we didn't use an asynchronous function, the browser would have to keep checking if a response has been received, blocking the execution of the JavaScript code in the browser, since JavaScript is a synchronous, single-threaded language by nature.

We also use callbacks when using the JavaScript fetch API, which is one of the best ways to make asynchronous requests.

Error handling in callbacks

There are several strategies for handling callback errors when callbacks are executed asynchronously. For example, the most common in the Node.js environment and in the vast majority of browser APIs is for the first parameter of a callback function to be an object containing a possible error. This philosophy is often referred to as error-first callbacks.

Below you can see an example where we read a file from the system:

 
fs.readFile('/file.json', (error, data) => {    
if (error !== null) {     
// Error handling   
console.log(error);      
return;    
}    
// No error has occurred  
console.log(data);  
})
 

Common problem with callbacks

Callback functions are great for simple cases, but they are not without problems when the code gets complicated.

When we nest multiple callbacks, each one adds a level of depth to the message queue. While JavaScript can handle these situations without a problem, the code can become difficult to read. In addition, it will also be more difficult to know where an error has occurred.

Below we nest four callbacks, which is not uncommon, but you are likely to encounter much more extreme cases:

 
window.addEventListener('load', () => {    
document.getElementById('btn').addEventListener('click', () => {      
setTimeout(() => {        
items.forEach(item => {         
// Code
})      
}, 2000)    
});  
});



This situation is known as callback hell. However, we can avoid them by using the alternatives available in JavaScript.

Alternatives to callback functions

Since the ES2015 release of JavaScript, several features have been introduced that allow you to deal with asynchronous JavaScript code, avoiding callback hell. These are promises and the use of Async/Await:

- Promises: Promises in JavaScript
- Async/Await: Async/Await in JavaScript

 
by Janeth Kent Date: 22-05-2023 javascript hits : 11325  
 
Janeth Kent

Janeth Kent

Licenciada en Bellas Artes y programadora por pasión. Cuando tengo un rato retoco fotos, edito vídeos y diseño cosas. El resto del tiempo escribo en MA-NO WEB DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT.

 
 
 

Related Posts

How to upload files to the server using JavaScript

In this tutorial we are going to see how you can upload files to a server using Node.js using JavaScript, which is very common. For example, you might want to…

How to combine multiple objects in JavaScript

In JavaScript you can merge multiple objects in a variety of ways. The most commonly used methods are the spread operator ... and the Object.assign() function.   How to copy objects with…

The Payment Request API: Revolutionizing Online Payments (Part 2)

In the first part of this series, we explored the fundamentals of the Payment Request API and how it simplifies the payment experience. Now, let's delve deeper into advanced features…

The Payment Request API: Revolutionizing Online Payments (Part 1)

The Payment Request API has emerged as the new standard for online payments, transforming the way transactions are conducted on the internet. In this two-part series, we will delve into…

Let's create a Color Picker from scratch with HTML5 Canvas, Javascript and CSS3

HTML5 Canvas is a technology that allows developers to generate real-time graphics and animations using JavaScript. It provides a blank canvas on which graphical elements, such as lines, shapes, images…

How do you stop JavaScript execution for a while: sleep()

A sleep()function is a function that allows you to stop the execution of code for a certain amount of time. Using a function similar to this can be interesting for…

Mastering array sorting in JavaScript: a guide to the sort() function

In this article, I will explain the usage and potential of the sort() function in JavaScript.   What does the sort() function do?   The sort() function allows you to sort the elements of…

Infinite scrolling with native JavaScript using the Fetch API

I have long wanted to talk about how infinite scroll functionality can be implemented in a list of items that might be on any Web page. Infinite scroll is a technique…

Sorting elements with SortableJS and storing them in localStorage

SortableJS is a JavaScript extension that you will be able to use in your developments to offer your users the possibility to drag and drop elements in order to change…

What is a JWT token and how does it work?

JWT tokens are a standard used to create application access tokens, enabling user authentication in web applications. Specifically, it follows the RFC 7519 standard. What is a JWT token A JWT token…

Template Literals in JavaScript

Template literals, also known as template literals, appeared in JavaScript in its ES6 version, providing a new method of declaring strings using inverted quotes, offering several new and improved possibilities. About…

How to use the endsWith method in JavaScript

In this short tutorial, we are going to see what the endsWith method, introduced in JavaScript ES6, is and how it is used with strings in JavaScript. The endsWith method is…