How to clone objects in JavaScript

Primitive and referenced values (objects) behave very differently when we want to make a copy of them.

Primitive values

Let's suppose a variable name that has a primitive value associated with it (number, string, boolean, undefined and null). If we make a copy of this variable name to another variable name2, any modification in the original variable will not imply any change in the second variable as they are primitive values.

let name="Silvia";
let name2="";
console.log (name, name2); // returns Silvia, Silvia 
name="Luigi";
console.log (name,name2); // returns Luigi, Silvia

Example 1

Values by reference

However, if we do the same operation on values by reference, any change we make in one of the variables will also be reflected in the other variable since both variables point to the same object. (see example 2)

Arrays

To clone arrays, the slice() method is used to create a new copy of the array. This copy can be modified independently without affecting the original array (n3 example 2). If no parameters are passed, it makes an exact copy of the array, but numbers can also be passed as parameters. If only one number is passed, it will determine the value of the index from which we want the copy to be made, while if 2 numbers are passed, we will be marking the beginning and the end.

//n.1

  const names= ['Silvia','Luigi','Alex'];
  const names2= names;
  console.log (names, names2); 
  // returns name ['Silvia','Luigi','Alex']
  // returns names2 ['Silvia','Luigi','Alex']
//n.2

  names2[2]="Angelo";
  console.log (names,names2); 
  // returns name ['Silvia','Luigi','Angelo']
  // returns names2 ['Silvia','Luigi','Angelo']


//n.3

  const name2= names.slice();
  names2[2]="Anna";
  console.log (name2,names2); 
  // returns name ['Silvia','Luigi','Angelo']
  // returns names2 ['Silvia','Luigi','Anna']

Example 2

Objects

The same happens when the referenced value is an object, any modification in one of its properties will affect both variables (n.2 Example 3). To clone objects, the Object.assign() method is used, which will copy the values of all enumerable properties of one or more source objects to a target object (n.3 Example 3). But this method is only effective for shallow copies of objects, i.e. when our starting object has no other objects as attributes.

//n.1
const names= {
name:'Silvia',
surname:'White'
}
const names2= names;
console.log (names, names2); 
// they are exact copies
//n.2
names2.surname='Green';
console.log (names,names2); 
/* returns const names= {
name:'Silvia'
surname:'Green'
}
returns const names2= {
name:'Silvia';
surname:'Green';
}
*/
//n.3
const name2= Object.assign({}, names);
names2.surname="Green";
console.log (names,names2); 
/* returns const names= {
name:'Silvia'
surname:'White'
}
returns const names2= {
name:'Silvia'
surname:'Green'
}
*/

Example 3: Cloning of objects at first level

To make a deep copy of objects other methods are used.

As we said, the Object.assign() method was only valid when we were trying to make a shallow copy of the object, that is, when our object does not have other objects as attributes. In these cases, a deep copy of the object is necessary.

A deep copy, unlike a shallow copy, also copies each sub-object recursively until all the objects involved are copied.
What methods can we use for a deep copy of Objects?

JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(obj))

This method converts the object to a string with JSON.stringify() and then converts it back to a JSON.parse() object. This method is effective with simple objects but not when one of the properties is a function (Example 4).

//n.1
const names= {
name:'Silvia',
surname:'White',
social: {
twitter: '@manoweb',
facebook:'ManoWeb'
}
}
const names2= JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(names));
names2.social.facebook='manoagency';
console.log (names, names2); 
/* returns const names= {
name:'Silvia',
surname:'White',
social:{
twitter:@manoweb
facebook:'ManoWeb'
}
}
returns const names2= {
name:'Silvia',
surname:'White',
social:{
twitter:@manoweb
facebook:'manoagency'
}
}
*/

Example 4

Exploiting recursive functions in Deep Clone

Another very interesting and elegant way to make deep copies of objects is to use recursive functions (Example 5).

We create a function deepClone(object) to which we pass as an argument the object we want to clone.
Inside the function, a local variable clone is created, which is an empty object where each of the properties that will be cloned from the starting object will be added.

Thanks to a for we go through each and every one of the properties of the object we want to clone.

• If the property is not an object, it is simply cloned and added to the new clone object.
• If the attribute is an object, the deepClone(value) function is executed again, passing the value of the property (in this case the object) as a parameter, and the same process is repeated.

function deepClone(object) {
var clone={};
for (var key in object) {
var value = object[key];
if (typeof(value)!='object') {
clone[key]=value;
} else {
clone[key]=deepClone(value);//Here the object property is also an object.
//By means of a recursive function, what we do is to clone the object that 
//is on the second or next level.
}
}
return clone;
}
deepClone({value1:1,value2:{value3:2}});
//{value1:1,value2:{value3:2}}
deepClone({value1:1,value2:{value3:{value3b:3}}});
//{value1:1,value2:{value3:{value3b:3}}}

Example 5